duly(duly什么意思)

英文合同中关于订立、变更、终止、解除、撤销的表达

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汉语中关于合同的订立、变更、解除和撤销说法确定，而英语的表达有有多种。



英语中关于合同的订立的表述有：

Make a contract

Enter into a contract

Form a contract

Create a contract

Conclude a contract

Execute a contract



合同如英文合同、协议的开始句：

This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of ____(month), ____ (year) by and between Party A and Party B, the parties hereby covenant as follows:

本协议/合同由甲乙双方于______年______月______日订立，双方特此约定如下：



本协议于1992年9月20日在中国青岛由有关双方在平等互利基础上达成，按双方同意的下列条件发展业务关系：

This agreement is made and entered into by and between the parties concerned on September 20, 1992 in Qingdao, China on the basis of equality and mutual benefit to develop business on terms and conditions mutually agreed upon as follow:



为在平等互利的基础上发展贸易，有关方按下列条件签订本协议：

This Agreement is entered into between the parties concerned on the basis of equality and mutual benefit to develop business on terms and conditions mutually agreed upon as follows:





英语中关于合同变更的表述有

Alter: 名词形式alteration，指只改变合同细节而不致合同丧失原貌；

Change: 名词形式与动词同，指实质性导致合同丧失原貌的变更

Modify: 名词形式modification， 指根据新的意图，并限定在该意图之内的变更



对合同所作的修改或扩充，只有采取书面形式并经双方正式授权的主管人员或代表签署后，方能对双方有约束力。

Amendments modifying or extending the Contract shall be binding upon both parties only if in writing and signed by a duly authorized officer or representative of each party



This Contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.

本合同只能按照双方授权代表签名盖章的文件进行修改或增补;



This Agreement may be amended only by a written instrument signed by duly authorized representatives of both parties.

本合同只有经双方当事人授权的代表正式签署的书面文件，方可修改。



This Agreement may not be amended or modified except by written instrument signed

by each of the Parties hereto.

除非经本协议当事人签署的书面通知，否则本协议书不得作出任何修改和变更。　　

Any alterations or amendments of this Agreement shall be subject to agreement through consultation between both parties in writing.

本协议的任何变更或修改，应由本协议双方协商一致，并以书面方式进行。



Any alterations and addenda to the present Contract shall be valid only if they are made in written form and duly signed by the both parties.

.对本合同的任何变更与附加，只有在双方以书面形式并签字后有效。



英语中关于合同的终止与撤销的表达法有

Terminate a contract ,名词形式termination of contract



此外，在下列情况下，或本合同或法律另有规定，任何一方均可以经向另一方提交其意欲终止合同的书面通知，在合营期限届满前终止本合同

In addition, any Party may terminate this Contract prior to the expiration of the Joint Venture Term by delivery to the other Parties of a written notice of its intention to terminate under any of the following circumstances, or as otherwise provided in this Contract or under law



在买方对卖方违约而采取的任何补救措施不受影响的情况下，买方可向卖方发出书面违约通知书，提出终止部分或全部合同：

The Purchaser, without prejudice to any other remedy for breach of Contract, by written notice of default sent to the Supplier, may terminate this Contract in whole or in part:



买方可在任何时候出于自身的便利向卖方发出书面通知全部或部分终止合同，终止通知应明确该终止合同是出于买方的便利，并明确合同终止的程度，以及终止的生效日期。

The Purchaser may at any time terminate the Contract by giving written notice to the Supplier if the Supplier becomes bankrupt or otherwise insolvent. In this event, termination will be without compensation to the Supplier, provided that such termination will not prejudice or affect any right of action or remedy, which has accrued or will accrue thereafter to the Purchaser.



Upon expiration or termination of this Agreement, Distributor shall immediately cease to be a Supplier distributor and all monies then owed to either party hereunder shall become immediately due and payable notwithstanding any credit terms previously made available to Distributor.

本协议到期或终止时，经销商作为“供应方”经销商的身份应立即终止，即使经销商被明确允许赊销付款，双方的欠款也均应即时得到清偿。



Black's Law Dictionary解释说：

Termination refers to an ending, usually before the end of the anticipated预期的 term of the contract, which termination may be my mutual agreement or may be by exercise of one party of one of his remedies救济 due to the default of the other party.

Termination通常指合同在约定期满之前终止履行。该终止既可经双方同意而做出，也指一方因另一方违约而行使的一种救济权。

但是《美国统一商法典》却规定，“终止”是指合同方未违反合同约定而依法终止合同

（Under the Uniform Commercial Code, "termination" means legally ending a contract without being broken by either side）



2. Cancel a contract,

Black's Law Dictionary解释说：

Cancellation occurs when either party puts an end to the contract for breach by the other and its effect is the same as that of "termination" except that the canceling party also retains any remedy救济 for breach of the whole contract or any unperformed balance.

Cancel 指一方另因另一方违约而解除或取消合同，其效力与termination （终止）一词几乎一致，不同点在于撤销一方仍有权对整个合同或合同中未履行部分主张救济。

3. Discharge a contract



Steven H. Gifis的“Law Dictionary”解释说：

When it is said that a contract is discharged, it always meant that one or more of the legal relations of the parties have been terminated. The meaning that is most commonly intended is that the legal duty of one of the parties has been terminated. A party who is asserted 宣称 to be under a legal duty by virtue of 优点his contract may reply that duty has been discharged by some factor that has occurred since the making of the contract.

Discharge a contract 意味着合同当事人的合同关系已经终止。他方在主张自己应履行因合同而发生的法定义务时可辩称，合同义务已因订立合之后发生的因素而解除。看来discharge a contract多指合同关系的解除。



4. Rescind a contract

Steven H. Gifis 的“Law Dictionary”解释说：

To abrogate废除 a contract, release the parties from further obligations to each other and restore the parties to the positions they would have occupied if the contract had never been made. For instance, in rescinding 废除 a sales contract, any monies paid or goods received would usually be returned to their original holders though the parties could agree otherwise.

Rescind a contract指取消合同，免除当事人之间合同义务，将当事人各自地位恢复到合同订立之前的状态。比如，解除买卖合同时，尽管当事人可另有约定，但通常会将支付的价款或收到的货物返还给原持有人。Rescind a contract 这种解除意味着将法事人关系恢复到合同成立之前的状态。



5．Revoke a contract

Black's Law Dictionary解释说：to annul or make void by recalling or taking back即以取消或撤回的方式废止或宣布无效。相比之下，revoke出于行为人的意愿意，即是行为人主动发出的行为。了解上述区别与联系，可避免对应单词的混用，实现术语的准确表达。